Impedance Analyzer - Impedance Camera

Features real-time impedance evolution over the measurement time, enabling time-resolved impedance spectroscopy and capturing

 a full spectrum in a single acquisition.

Suitable for observing real-time impedance changes in electrochemical sensors, complementing static photocurrent/photovoltage 

measurements from photoelectronic spectrometers and mini photoelectric spectrometers.

In traditional impedance spectroscopy, the sample impedance is measured frequency by frequency. If the sample is dynamic and 

its properties change significantly during the frequency sweep, the resulting impedance spectrum becomes difficult to interpret. 

In contrast, the Impedance Camera captures the full frequency spectrum in a single "shot," allows users to customize the scan range,

 and processes all frequency data simultaneously. Additionally, it supports time-lapse recording of multiple frames at set intervals to 

observe impedance changes over time. This is especially suitable for: dynamic performance studies of electrochemical sensors, and 

materials whose properties change under external factors such as light, temperature, or catalysts. The impedance analyzer measures

 the current flowing through the sample and the voltage generated by the sample's response to a superimposed frequency voltage 

signal. Although classical impedance spectroscopy (IS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) assume the sample is linear 

and time-invariant (LTI), most electrochemical samples are inherently nonlinear and exhibit memory effects. Therefore, when studying 

such samples, the Impedance Camera provides a more realistic representation of actual sample behavior and reveals deviations from 

theoretical assumptions.

Here's the English translation of the text:

"Explore the following nonlinear effects in the sample:"

· Higher harmonic generation

· Superposition breakdown (the superposition of input frequencies is not preserved at the output)

· Intermodulation (when two input frequencies generate a third frequency at the output)

· Current rectification (when the sample's resistance/impedance to current flow in one direction differs from that in the opposite direction)

· Sample memory effect: Time evolution of the sample's impedance spectrum under stable environmental conditions reveals whether previous measurements influence subsequent ones.

Here is the English translation of the provided text:

"Experimental Results Presentation"

· Raw current and voltage frame data charts

· Time-dependent 3D Nyquist plot

· Time-dependent Bode plot

· Differential plot of sample impedance variation over time

· Impedance vs. time plot at a given frequency

"Technical Specifications"

· Impedance Camera: Number of frames in a sequence: unlimited; number of frequencies per frame: unlimited. 

Generated potential signal range: -1 to 1 V; sampling rate: 1.22 kHz to 10 MHz. Measurement head types: Basic

 (two-electrode) / Electrochemical (three-electrode).

· Basic Measurement Terminal: Current ranges: 10 mA, 1 mA; frequency range: 1 mHz to 1 MHz.

· Electrochemical Measurement Terminal: Current ranges: 1 mA, 100 μA, 10 μA, 1 μA, 100 nA, 10 nA; bandwidth 

ranges: 2.5 MHz, 1.3 MHz, 300 kHz, 35 kHz, 3 kHz, 300 Hz.

"Demonstration Results" Results obtained from a parallel RC circuit whose resistance depends on the illumination 

intensity, under oscillating illumination intensity.

"Bode plot of impedance magnitude over time"

"The Nyquist plot shows the real and imaginary

 parts of the impedance measured at consecutive time points over a range of frequencies."